Reconstructive surgery is performed on abnormal structures of the body, caused by congenital defects, developmental abnormalities, trauma, infection, tumors, or disease. Reconstructive surgery is generally performed to improve function or to approximate a normal appearance.

• Female Breast Reduction

  Reduce enlarged, sagging breasts using liposuction and/or cutting out excess glandular tissue. Can be either an inpatient or outpatient procedure.
  
  Length: 2 to 4 hours. Anesthesia: Usually general.
  
  Common Side Effects: Temporary bruising, swelling, numbness, soreness, burning sensation.
  
  Common Risks: Infection. Fluid accumulation. Injury to the skin. Rippling or bagginess of skin. Asymmetry. Pigmentation changes (may become permanent if exposed to sun. Excessive scarring if tissue was cut away. Need for second procedure to remove additional tissue.
  
  Recovery: Back to work: 3 to 7 days.
  More strenuous activity: 2 to 3 weeks.
  Full recovery from bruising: 3 to 6 months.
  
  Duration of Results: Permanent.

• Male Breast Reduction (Gyncecomastia)

  Reduce enlarged, female-like breast in men using liposuction and/or cutting out excess glandular tissue. Usually an outpatient procedure.
  Length: 2 to 3 hours.
  Anesthesia: General or local.
  
  Common Side Effects: Temporary bruising, swelling, numbness, soreness, burning sensation.
  
  Common Risks: Infection. Fluid accumulation. Injury to the skin. Rippling or bagginess of skin. Asymmetry. Pigmentation changes (may become permanent if exposed to sun). Excessive scarring if tissue was cut away. Need for second procedure to removed additional tissue.
  
  Recovery: Back to work: 3 to 7 days.
  More strenuous activity: 2 to 3.
  Full recovery from bruising: 3 to 6 months.
  
  Duration of Results: Permanent.

• Ear Surgery (Otoplasty)

  Set prominent ears back closer to the head, or reduce the size of large ears. Most often done on children between the ages of 4 and 14 years. Usually an outpatient procedure.
  Length: 2 to 3 hours.
  Anesthesia: Young children: usually general.
  Older children or adults: general or local, with sedation.
  
  Common Side Effects: Temporary throbbing, aching, swelling, redness, numbness.
  
  Common Risks: Infection of cartilage. Excessive scarring. Blood clot that may need to be drained. Mismatched or artificial-looking ears. Recurrence of the protrusion, requiring repeat surgery.
  
  Recovery: Back to work or school: 5 to 7 days.
  More strenuous activity, contact sports: 1 to 2 months.
  
  Duration of Results: Usually permanent.

• Eyelid Surgery (Blepharoplasty)

  Eyelid Surgery (Blepharoplasty)
  
  Correct drooping upper eyelids and puffy bags below the eyes by removing excess fat, skin, and muscle. Usually an outpatient surgery.
  Length: 1 to 3 hours.

• Breast Reconstruction: TRAM Flapbefore/after close image

  Reduce enlarged, sagging breasts using liposuction and/or cutting out excess glandular tissue. An inpatient procedure.
  
  Length: 4 to 6 hours.
  
  Anesthesia: Usually general.
  
  Common Side Effects: Temporary bruising, swelling, numbness, soreness, burning sensation.
  
  Common Risks: Infection. Fluid accumulation. Injury to the skin. Rippling or bagginess of skin. Asymmetry. Pigmentation changes. Excessive scarring, poor healing, incomplete survival of the breast flap, bulging of the tummy wall. Need for second procedure.
  
  Recovery: Back to work: 2 to 6 weeks.
  More strenuous activity: 3 to 6 weeks.
  Full recovery: 3 to 6 months.
  
  Duration of Results: Permanent.